8.4  AIR DEFENCE   If the air strength that the defender can send is too little to have an effect on the outcome of the battle (ie. all the defnding aircraft will be shot down and the attacker will still have at least one spare hit to carry over) then no defending air force is deployed.

8.5  SEA PHASE   There is no sea phase in a land battle EXCEPT when an attack is made from the sea and there are ships on both sides (which can only happen if the area being attacked is a naval base). In this case the rules for the sea battle are the same as for a sea move (see 8.1) and if either side inflicts more losses than the strength of the opposing ships then the extra losses are carried over to the land phase.

8.6  ANTI-AIRCRAFT FIRE   If hits are carried over from the air phase (in Wordl Empires) into the sea phase, these are added to those made in the sea phase and the aircraft lose strengths equal to one third of the naval strength (with a limit that they can't suffer more losses than the number they carried over). There's no anti-aircraft fire in the land phase.

8.7  RETREATS   The defending armies may retreat before the land phase. If the defence mode is RETREAT and the retreat location is adjacent and owned by the defender, and the defender will lose more armies than the attacker AND the attacker will capture the area anyway, then the defending armies retreat. If the retreat location is not adjacent or not owned by the defender then the defending armies act as if the defence mode is DEFEND (ie. they stand and fight).

8.8  LAND PHASE   For the land phase the attack and defence strengths are compared. Each side loses armies equal to one third of the strength of the opponent, plus losses carried over from previous phases, and the weaker side also loses one third of the difference in strengths.
The strength of the attacker in a land battle is the number of attacking armies, but the defence strength is modified according to fort levels and terrain and whether the defender is entrenched (see 8.10). The losses suffered by the attacker may be increased as a result of an ambush (see 8.11) and the losses suffered by the defender may be reduced for the terrain (see 8.12).

8.9  DEFENCE STRENGTHS   The defence strength for each area in a land battle is the total number of armies in the area, plus whichever is less of the number of armies or fortification level (i.e. armies in fortifications count double, but forts without armies count for nothing). The defence level is increased by one in forest, wetlands and uplands, and by two in towns, jungles and mountains.

8.10  ENTRENCHING   If the defender is entrenched on the border across which an attack is made then the defence level is DOUBLED (against that attack) but against an attack from a different direction the defence level is HALVED (rounding down) in the land phase.

8.11  AMBUSHES   If the defender has at least one army and has an ambush set against the area from which an attack is made then the attacker loses one extra army.

8.12  TERRAIN   The losses of the defender in a land battle are reduced by one in difficult terrain (wetlands, jungle, forest, towns or mountains).

8.13  COLLATERAL DAMAGE   Population and fortification levels are also destroyed during battles. The number of each lost is one-third of the number of defending armies destroyed (but always at least one).

8.14  CONTROL PHASE  The attacker wins a land battle if all the defending armies (if any) are wiped out, and the attacker has more surviving armies (at the end of the battle) than the population (after losses for collateral damage). If the area contains a naval base then the number of ships in commission (ie. not laid up) in the base is added to the population.
If the attacker wins then half (rounding down) of the surviving armies are returned to the area from which the attack was made, and the rest are moved into the area captured. Any ships on the attacking side remain where they started.
The defender wins the battle if the attacker doesn't. If the defender wins then any surviving attackers return to the area they attacked from.
If the attacker wins the battle then the attacker gains one VP and the defender loses one VP.